Identify all of the cellular and molecular layers that a molecule would have to pass through in order to be ultrafiltered and then reabsorbed into the bloodstream within a single nephron

Ultrafiltration happens across the glomerulus and the bowman's capsule.
In order for this to move across the membranes above needs a hydrostatic pressure gradient and a basement membrane
The substances comes in through the afferent to the efferent to the proximal convoluted tubule to the loop of Henle to the distal convoluted tubule finally going to the collecting tubule

The proximal convoluted tubule extends from the Bowman's capsule and is where most selective reabsorption in the nephron occurs. All glucose, amino acids, vitamins and hormones are reabsorbed here, along with most (~80%) of the mineral ions and water. The proximal convoluted tubule has a microvilli cell lining to increase the surface area for the absorption of materials from the filtrate. There are also a large number of mitochondria in these cells, as reabsorption from the filtrate involves active transport. Once materials have been actively reabsorbed into the tubule cells, they can passively diffuse into the bloodstream (along the concentration gradient)Mineral ions and vitamins are actively transported via protein pumps or carrier proteins. Glucose is actively transported across the membrane in symport with sodium. Water follows the movement of the ions passively (via osmosis)