Identify and describe modifications of roots, stems, and leaves of different plants. Give one example of each.

Storage roots:  Modified roots that store water or food (e.g. carrots)
Stem tubers:  Horizontal underground stems that store carbohydrates (e.g. potato)
Bulbs:  Modified leaf bases (may be found as underground vertical shoots) that contain layers called scales (e.g. onion)

Outline the differences between monocotyledons and dicotyledons

The leaf veins of a monocotyledons have parallel venation while dicotyledons have reticulated venation. Monocotyledons have one cotyledon while dicotyledons have two. Monocotyledons have fibrous adventitious roots and dicotyledons have top roots with lateral branches. Monocotyledons have floral organs that appear in multiples of three while dicotyledons have floral organs that appear in multiples of four and five. The pollen in monocotyledons has single pores while the pollen in dicotyledons has three pores.

Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a chloroplast as seen in electron micrographs

State the final products of the two photosystems involved in the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis

There are two final products from both photo system the are nadph and ATP which will both be used later in the Calvin cycle

Explain photophosphorylation in terms of chemiosmosis

As the electrons cycle through the electron transport chains located on the thylakoid membrane, they lose energy
This free energy is used to pump H+ ions from the stroma into the thylakoid
The build up of protons inside the thylakoid creates an electrochemical gradient
The H+ ions return to the stroma via the transmembrane enzyme ATP synthase, which uses the potential energy from the proton motive force to convert ADP and an inorganic phosphate (Pi) into ATP

Why do plants need both mitochondria and chloroplast?

Plants need both in order to produce as much energy as possible. They are dependent on photosynthesis to produce glucose, but a majority of energy made in the cell is more efficiently produced in the mitochondria.

Outline the affect of temperature, light intensity, and carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis.

Carbon dioxide and light intensity have relatively the same affect on photosynthesis. With both, if they aren't present, there is no way for photosynthesis to occur. As both increase the rate of photosynthesis increases in a rather linear way. Eventually the chloroplast reaches maximum production and it doesn't matter how much more they increase because the chloroplast can't work any faster
Temperature has a different affect. As it increases originally the graph increases, then it peaks. After the peak, the rate takes a nosedive. As the temperature continues to increase, enzymes begin to denature. This curses the rate of photosynthesis to stop completely