Why do plants need both mitochondria and chloroplast?

Plants need both in order to produce as much energy as possible. They are dependent on photosynthesis to produce glucose, but a majority of energy made in the cell is more efficiently produced in the mitochondria.

Outline the affect of temperature, light intensity, and carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis.

Carbon dioxide and light intensity have relatively the same affect on photosynthesis. With both, if they aren't present, there is no way for photosynthesis to occur. As both increase the rate of photosynthesis increases in a rather linear way. Eventually the chloroplast reaches maximum production and it doesn't matter how much more they increase because the chloroplast can't work any faster
Temperature has a different affect. As it increases originally the graph increases, then it peaks. After the peak, the rate takes a nosedive. As the temperature continues to increase, enzymes begin to denature. This curses the rate of photosynthesis to stop completely

You have a leaf from each of two very different plants. One leaf has more pigments Than the other. Which leaf would have the greater photosynthetic rate, assuming all affecting factors are equal? Why?

The one with more pigments would have a higher rate of photosynthesis

Because it is more capable of accepting light because it has more pigments

What is the role of Oxygen in the ETC?

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor along the Electron Transport Chain. It then goes to bind the two Hydrogen atoms to create a water molecule.

Describe cheiosmosis as it relates to oxidative phosphorylation.

As Hydrogen begins to become very concentrated in the outer membrane of the mitochondria, it starts to travel back across the membrane via the enzyme ATP Synthase. This enzyme uses the energy from the flow of protons through it to bind inorganic phosphate molecules to ADP molecules creating ATP.

Explain the process of cellular respiration. (Excluding ETC)

1: Glycolysis ("splitting of sugar"): This step happens in the cytoplasm.

One Glucose (C6H12O6) is broken down to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. Results in the production of 2 ATPs for every glucose.

2: Linked Reaction: Pyruvic Acid is shuttled into the mitochondria, where it is converted to a molecule of Acetyl CoA for further breakdown. Acetyl CoA is a two carbon molecule.

3: The Krebs Cycle, or Citric Acid Cycle: Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.

Acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetate bind together to become citrate. This 6 Carbon molecule under goes Oxidative Decarboxylation twice, the Substrate level ATP formation, then two oxidations to form 2 ATP, 2 FAHD2, 4 CO2, and 6 NADH+H+

4. The Electron Transport Chain: occurs a long the inner membrane of the mitochondria

The hydrogen carriers NADH+H+ and FADH2 provide electrons to the electron transport chain on the inner mitochondrial membrane and push hydrogen protons outside the inner mitochondrial membrane to a level of high concentration
As the electrons cycle through the chain they lose energy, which is used to translocate H+ ions to the intermembrane space (creating a more concentrated gradient)
The hydrogen ions return to the matrix through the transporting enzyme ATP synthase, producing multiple ATP molecules in a process called chemiosmosis
Oxygen acts as a final electron acceptor for the electron transport chain, allowing further electrons to enter the chain
Oxygen combines the electrons with H+ ions to form water molecules
The electron transport chain produces the majority of the ATP molecules produced via aerobic respiration (~32 out of 36 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose)

Identifying the Structure warm up

This structure is a mitochondria. The mitochondria is best adapted to convert pyruvate molecules into ATP. This is achieved by maximizing surface area inside the cell. There are little villi like tendrils called cristae that help aid in increasing the surface area for the Electron Transport Chain, and there are open spaces, called matrices, in which the krebs cycle takes place

What are the products of the Krebs Cycle? Glycolysis

Products of the Krebs Cycle:
2 ATP
2 FADH2
4 CO2
6 NADH + H+

Products of Glycolysis
4 ATP produced (2 are used in the process for a net gain of two)
2 NADH+ H+
2 pyruvate molecules

What is substrate- level phosphorylation

A process in the Krebb's Cycle in which ATP is produced via the addition of an inorganic Phosphate molecule to ADP.

What is Oxidative Decarboxylation

Oxidative decarboxylation is a process in the krebbs cycle of cellular respiration in which a citrate molecule or a Alpha ketagluterate  molecule loses hydrogen molecule and carbon dioxide.